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port they enjoyed, gave names to the rival groupings: the March14 anti-Syrian forces and the March 8 pro-Syrian forces. The March 14 demonstrations, which in the U.S. narrative be…

This text discusses the political dynamics in Lebanon following the Cedar Revolution, highlighting the division between the anti-Syrian March 14 coalition …

REALITIES OF THE NEW MIDDLE EAST 15 tion of the international consensus, obscures a deeper problem: realities o…

The viability of the two-state solution in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is increasingly in question due to the w…

But the Bush administration showed little interest in the peace process. Instead, it pursued a set of policies that either downgraded Israeli–Palestinian peacemaking or subordinated it to demands for P…

The Bush administration exhibited a lack of interest in the peace process and instead directed policies that undermined Israeli-Palestinian neg…

Palestinian legislative elections to proceed credibly — but then led to an immediate American effort to overturn the result through any possible means. The Bush administration’s short attention sp…

…cusses the complications surrounding the Palestinian legislative elections and the subsequent U.S. effort to undermine the democratic outcome, particularly emphasizing the Bush administration's approac…

…o move beyond reactive diplomacy any time soon. Paradoxically, the Bush administration decided to refocus on the peace process just as conditions had become nearly impossible. Pushed by so-called moder…

The text examines the U.S. diplomatic strategies regarding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, particularly during the Bush administration's attempt to revitalize the peace process under ch…

tember 2007 Israeli bombing of what Israelis claim was a suspicious facility in Syria. But the issue of Israel’s nuclear weapons i…

This text discusses the complex dynamics of nuclear proliferation in the Middle East, particularly focusing on Israel's alleged nuclear capabil…

"choose your own future and win your freedom."2 To make matters worse, in September 2006 the U.S. Congress passed the …

The text discusses Iran's unwavering commitment to its nuclear program, spurred by various factors, including U.S. sanctions, the Iraq war, and surging oil prices. Despite hints of military ac…

REALTIES OF THE NEW MIDDLE EAST 21 otherwise unwelcome consequences..... And another message should be equally…

…s the complexities and challenges in the New Middle East, particularly regarding nuclear ambitions of countries like Saudi Arabia and Egypt, and the decline of the U.S. freedom agenda since it faced cr…

22 THE NEW MIDDLE EAST few, limited in scope, carried out only when allowed by incumbent regimes, and dropped quickly when g…

This text discusses the shift in U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East following the September 11 attacks. President Bush's dec…

Rice gave a more detailed explanation of the American approach to democratic reform in a speech in Cairo in June 2005. In January 2006, the …

In a speech in Cairo in June 2005, Rice underscored U.S. democratic reform measures. The U.S. reacted to Egypt's governance by canceling a free-trade agreement due to huma…

The weakness of the secular opposition is not entirely of its own making. Arab authoritarian and semi-authoritarian…

…repress liberal ideologies, while conservative social attitudes limit their political expression. A failure in constituency-building has caused former secular supporters to shift towards Islamist movem…

retrenchment into a more ideological posture by a movement that has sought, but has so far been denied, a legitimate political role. The adoption and subsequent abandonment of the freedom …

The text discusses the complexities faced in promoting democracy in Arab nations, highlighting the influence of incumbent regimes resista…

failed to attract a substantial following. Finally, the growing importance of Hizbollah in Lebanon is…

This text analyzes the socio-political dynamics affecting Shi’a Muslims in the Middle East, highlighting their status in various countries, including …

…itably breeds discontent and resentment, and those certainly exist among Shi’i minorities in the Gulf and, of course, in Lebanon. The real question, however, is whether this resentment has translated i…

The text examines the roots of resentment among Shi’i minorities in the Gulf and Lebanon, noting its implications for political ac…

Although Iran is a center around which Shi’i resentment could coalesce, two factors reduce the likelihood that the Tehran regime will encourage such a development. One is that I…

The complexities of Iran's relationship with Sunni states underscore the ongoing challenges in Middle Eastern diplomacy…

None of this remarkable spate of diplomatic activity has so far removed the underlying tension between Sunn…

Despite a series of diplomatic initiatives aimed at alleviating tensions between Sunni governments and the Iranian regi…

… the New Middle East The Bush administration's attempt to shape a new Middle East has been a major factor in the emergence of the new and extremely problematic realities we have discussed. The United …

…ies in the Middle East. A new approach is needed, prioritizing diplomacy and a clear understanding of U.S. limits in the region. Confrontational tactics have undermined credibility and obstructed poten…

policy in Iraq and of the Palestinian–Israeli peace process. The United States needs to recognize that terrorism is not t…

This text argues that U.S. policies in the Middle East must shift to address underlying political issues to effectively curb terrorism and ensure oil flow. It outli…

…Arab countries. The only solution at present that can lead to peace while preserving the existence of the state of Israel and protecting Palestinian rights is the two-state solution. But it will not be…

The pursuit of peace in the Israel-Palestine conflict hinges on the two-state solution, which aims to protect Isra…

…tances. The biggest tension—between integrating Hamas and denying the movement its proclaimed goal of destroying Israel—can only be met by building on one of the few diplomatic successes the Bush admin…

The text discusses the challenges of integrating Hamas while managing its actions against Israel. It stresses the importance of regional…