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…on in any Middle Eastern country. Instead, the democratic openings advocated and supported by the United States have either led to sectarian division or revealed the greater popular appeal and strength …

… to U.S. policies that have often led to sectarian division and the empowerment of Islamist groups. It outlines how confrontational strategies, including force and sanctions, have dominated U.S. engagem…

tember 2007 Israeli bombing of what Israelis claim was a suspicious facility in Syria. But the issue of Israel’s nuclear weapons is perennially off the table. The United State…

… nuclear proliferation in the Middle East, particularly focusing on Israel's alleged nuclear capabilities and Iran's nuclear program. It highlights the risks associated with potential nuclear weapons de…

…he American approach to democratic reform in a speech in Cairo in June 2005. In January 2006, the United States went further: it canceled a meeting planned to launch negotiations on a free-trade agreeme…

…n Egypt, they were undercut by restrictive regulations. By mid-2006, U.S. focus shifted due to security concerns, leading to a neglect of democratic pressures on allied autocracies. Arab leaders leverag…

The weakness of the secular opposition is not entirely of its own making. Arab authoritarian and semi-authoritarian regimes—many of whi…

In Arab societies, secular opposition has struggled against longstanding authoritarian regimes that repress liberal ideologies, while …

…ment. One is that Iran aspires to be the champion of the entire Muslim Middle East, not just the limited world of Shiism. Its support for Sunni groups, such as Hamas in Palestine, is a testament to this…

The complexities of Iran's relationship with Sunni states underscore the ongoing challenges in Middle Eastern dip…

policy in Iraq and of the Palestinian–Israeli peace process. The United States needs to recognize that terrorism is not the result of blind hatred of Western civilizatio…

This text argues that U.S. policies in the Middle East must shift to address underlying political issues to effectively curb terrorism and ensure oil flow. It outlines critical tasks for U.S. e…

…DLE EAST restoring a balance of power that is not entirely dependent on a long-term, large U.S. military presence with its financial costs and negative political perceptions in the region. The United S…

…rt, countries like Saudi Arabia are seeking to diversify their alliances, evidenced by engagements with Russia. The author argues for a pragmatic approach to U.S. policy, advocating for support of Leban…

…acy promotion has fluctuated from aggressive rhetoric of regime overthrow at one extreme to small, little noticed, probably not very effective but innocuous educational, women’s rights, or cultural exch…

…on in the Middle East, highlighting the confusion between promoting democracy and regime overthrow. It emphasizes the need for the U.S. to differentiate these concepts, recognize the consequences of its…

…owment for International Peace The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace is a private, nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing cooperation between nations and promoting active international …

The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace is a nonprofit organization focused on fostering cooperation between nations and enhancing U.S. involvement global…

…e 60th Dhammachai Education Foundation of Australia and New Zealand has developed an increasing commitment in recent years to the academic study of the Buddhist tradition, including, in particular, its …

The 60th Dhammachai Education Foundation of Australia and New Zealand has strengthened its commitment to studying the Buddhist tradition. The foundation established the Dhammachai Internati…

…stablished academic understanding has settled regarding the term dhammakāya in the Pali canon, that it was used merely in the sense of the ‘Buddha’s teachings.’ In concluding so, most studies refer to a…

The term 'dhammakāya' in the Pali canon is understood as representing the Buddha's teachings. It is established through several canonical passages that equate the Buddha with dhamma. Notable refer…

Points to Consider It may be observed that the difference in previous scholarly interpretations of the term dhammakāya in…

…m 'dhammakāya', emphasizing the need for a nuanced understanding of 'dhamma' as both a realized reality and a verbal expression. It identifies three interconnected issues for further analysis: the crite…

Arhatship (arahattamagga).86 Therefore, the particular path is not a mere ‘collective title’ of the path-constituents but the ‘essential totality’ by which a ‘body’ is defined. The dependen…

This text discusses the concept of Arhatship and the definition of Dhammakāya in the context of Buddhist philosophy. It argues that the path should be seen as a…

the function of each particular transcendent dhamma.116 The totality of transcendental qualities constituting each transcendental state, which is identified earlier wi…

This text analyses the concept of dhammakāya, highlighting its connection to enlightenment and the associated happiness. It emphasizes the blameless nature of dh…

Dhammapāla, like Buddhaghosa, employs the term dhammikāya mostly as a noun, and relates it either with the Buddha’s mental qualities and purity,134 with the Enlightenment either of the Buddh…

Dhammapāla discusses dhammikāya, relating it to the Buddha's mental qualities and Enlightenment. This term connects the Buddha's teachings and t…

…any other countries in the world, is a country where multiple religious beliefs co-exist. China has its indigenous religious forms (Confucianism, Taoism and folk beliefs), and also the world’s three maj…

… back to the first century BCE via the Silk Road, significantly influencing Chinese culture through its inclusivity and adaptability. The impact of Buddhism is evident in various domains, including poli…

…te on the manuscript, the dhammakāya verse has been known in the Lan Na regions for many centuries. It also appears on a 16th century stone inscription unearthed at the site of Wat Tham Suea, Changwat P…

The dhammakāya verse has been recognized in the Lan Na regions for centuries, with historical inscriptions confirming its existence dating back to the 16th century, specifically at …

Bangkok period. The Lan Na palm-leaf manuscript itself cannot provide an accurate date for the composition of the verse because palm-leaf manuscripts …

The Lan Na palm-leaf manuscript's dating is uncertain due to its fragility, but it has been recited by devout Buddhists since the 16th century, alongside evidence …

…สมอ ไม่มีวันด้วยเหตุผลใดทั้งสิ้น ธรรมะภาษอังกฤษ 3 : Kamma that has been done gives result exact to its cause Where there is cause, there is effect. Person who does the kamma will definitely receive it…

บทความนี้พูดถึงความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างกรรมและผลของกรรม โดยเน้นว่าทุกการกระทำจะมีผลตามมาที่แน่นอน ไม่ว่าจะเป็นผลดีจากกรรมดี หรือผลร้ายจากกรรมชั่ว การเข้าใจเกี่ยวกับกรรมช่วยให้บุคคลมีความคิดที่ถูกต้องต่อชีว

…ฐานธรรมในคัมภีร์พระธรรมนั้น 1 ฉบับประชาชน Harrison, Paul M. 1990. The Samādhi of direct encounter with the Buddhas of the present: an annotated English translation of the Tibetan version of the Pratyut…

เนื้อหานี้นำเสนอการสำรวจหลักฐานธรรมในคัมภีร์พระธรรมโดยการอ้างอิงงานศึกษาที่สำคัญเกี่ยวกับ Dhamma-kāya และความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างมันกับการบรรลุ enlightenment งานที่สำคัญเช่น เพื่อบันทึกการพัฒนาและการประยุก