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Iraq's Complex Reality: The Interwoven Challenges of State Failure and External Influences
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Iraq's Complex Reality: The Interwoven Challenges of State Failure and External Influences
…till unable to discharge the administrative functions of the state. Budgets remain largely unspent, reconstruction is lagging, and services are not being delivered. Different towns and cities are controlled by diff…
…he presence of multiple militias and a lack of central authority. Despite attempts at post-conflict reconstruction, successful examples are limited, especially in large nations like Iraq. Without a clear plan from …
Challenges of U.S. Democracy Promotion in the Middle East
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Challenges of U.S. Democracy Promotion in the Middle East
…ter with Syrian Foreign Minister Walid Muallem on the margins of an international conference on the reconstruction of Iraq in Sharm al-Sheikh in May 2007. In November, after much hesitation, Syria was invited to pa…
This text discusses the lack of successful democratic revolutions in the Middle East, largely due to U.S. policies that have often led to sectarian division and the empowerment of Islamist groups. It
The Complex Dynamics of Sunni Politics in Iraq
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The Complex Dynamics of Sunni Politics in Iraq
… center, but to build from the bottom up, capitalizing on local successes. This vision of bottom-up reconstruction of the country has never been spelled out clearly. In fact, U.S. policy toward finding a political …
This text examines the intricate dynamics of Sunni political groups in Iraq amid changing power structures. Local organizations show a preference for decentralized systems, often in conflict with each
The Historical Significance of Dhammakāya Verse in Thai Buddhism
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The Historical Significance of Dhammakāya Verse in Thai Buddhism
… a royal Wat founded by King Rama I (r.1782-1809 CE). The gold-plated manuscript was found during a reconstruction of the jetiya of Srisanpedchadayan that was carried out by the Fine Arts Department in 1988, and is…
The dhammakāya verse has been recognized in the Lan Na regions for centuries, with historical inscriptions confirming its existence dating back to the 16th century, specifically at Wat Tham Suea in Ph
Understanding the Dantian and Its Location
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Understanding the Dantian and Its Location
… Position 7 Characterstic of Position 7 The Five Elements at the Center of the Body Credit: Reconstruction from Wal Pak Harn booklet The figure shows the position of "the centre of body" described by PhraM…
The dantian is primarily recognized as located about two to three inches below the navel, differing from PhraMongkolthepmuni's teachings which suggest it lies two finger breadths above. While the loca