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如果不了解您的心，宁静又怎么能产生？■ (Translation of the red text: If you don't understand your heart, how can you be peaceful?)

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MARINA OTTAWAY, NATHAN J. BROWN, AMR HAMZAWY, KARIM SADJADPOUR, PAUL SALEM THE NEW MIDDLE EAST CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE WASHINGTON DC • MOSCOW • BEIRUT • BRUSSELS

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The New Middle East Marina Ottaway Nathan J. Brown Amr Hamzawy Karim Sadjadpour Paul Salem CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE WASHINGTON DC • MOSCOW • BEIJING • BEIRUT • BRUSSELS

Contents Acknowledgments iv A Changed Region 1 The Realities of the New Middle East 4 The Iran–Iraq …

This text examines the transformed landscape of the Middle East, analyzing key conflicts in regions such as Iran-Iraq, Syria-Lebanon, and the…

A Changed Region After September 11, 2001, the Bush administration launched an ambitious policy to for…

This analysis reflects on the changes in the Middle East following the events of September 11, 2001, highlighting the am…

There has been no successful democratic revolution in any Middle Eastern country. Instead, the democratic openings advoca…

This text discusses the lack of successful democratic revolutions in the Middle East, largely due to U.S. policies…

security was completely overshadowed by belligerent White House statements that U.S. policy toward Iran…

The U.S. faces significant challenges in the Middle East with three clusters of countries: Iran-Iraq, Lebanon-Sy…

The Reality of the New Middle East The first step toward the formulation of a new policy is to understand the realities of the new Middle East as it is now. The three clusters of countrie…

The new Middle East is defined by three country clusters: Iran–Iraq, Lebanon–Syria, and Palestine–Israel, intertwined with issues such as nuc…

…it it is still inappropriate to talk about an axis. Iraq's problems, and possible solutions, are so closely intertwined with Iran that it is no longer possible to discuss solutions for Iraq without tak…

Iraq's current situation as a failed state is deeply intertwined with Iran's influence. The U.S. invasion ha…

the United States during 2007 has helped reduce violence, there has not been any corresponding political progress. Different Iraqi political figur…

Post-2007, the United States achieved a reduction in violence in Iraq, yet significant political progress remains elusive. Iraqi po…

nizations with local roots. They understand the importance and advantages of a decentralized system. They appear to ha…

This text examines the intricate dynamics of Sunni political groups in Iraq amid changing power structures. Local organizations s…