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It is out of this reality of conflicting and changing political agendas that a political agreement would have to be forged to tran…

This text examines the complex realities of Iraq's political environment following the fall of Saddam Hussein and the subseq…

to be cooperative on its own terms and for its own interests, but this does not mean that the United States…

This text explores the multifaceted relationship between the United States and Iran, emphasizing the challenges faced by U.S. milit…

represented by the March 8 forces led by Hizbollah and the Syrian regime, seen as proxies for Iran and its policy of region…

This content discusses the influence of Syria and Iran on Lebanon's political environment, particularly th…

but set aside its criticism when this was in its interest. It was never in agreement with the United States and sought …

… explores the evolving relationship between Syria and the United States, highlighting key moments such as the leadership transition from Hafez al-Assad to Bashar al-Assad, the impact of the Iraq War, a…

REALTIES OF THE NEW MIDDLE EAST 13 always been the possibility that Syria could be coaxed and pressured into adopting more pragmatic policies. Revived U.S. efforts to relaunch…

The text discusses the political realities of Lebanon following Syria's withdrawal and the influence of Hizbollah…

port they enjoyed, gave names to the rival groupings: the March14 anti-Syrian forces and the March 8 pro-Syrian forces. The March 14 demonstrations, which in the …

This text discusses the political dynamics in Lebanon following the Cedar Revolution, highlighting the division be…

REALITIES OF THE NEW MIDDLE EAST 15 tion of the international consensus, obscures a deeper problem: realities on the ground have already destroyed much of the viab…

The viability of the two-state solution in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is increasingly in question due to the weakened Palestinian leadership and diminishing trust…

But the Bush administration showed little interest in the peace process. Instead, it pursued a set of policies that either downgraded Israeli–Palestinian peacemak…

The Bush administration exhibited a lack of interest in the peace process and instead directed policies that undermined Israeli-Palestinian…

Palestinian legislative elections to proceed credibly — but then led to an immediate American effort to overturn the result thro…

The text discusses the complications surrounding the Palestinian legislative elections and the subsequent U.S. ef…

be recognized, but nobody should expect them to move beyond reactive diplomacy any time soon. Paradoxicall…

The text examines the U.S. diplomatic strategies regarding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, particularly during the Bush administration'…

tember 2007 Israeli bombing of what Israelis claim was a suspicious facility in Syria. But the issue of Israel’s nuclear weapons is perennially of…

This text discusses the complex dynamics of nuclear proliferation in the Middle East, particularly focusing on Isr…

"choose your own future and win your freedom."2 To make matters worse, in September 2006 the U.S. Cong…

The text discusses Iran's unwavering commitment to its nuclear program, spurred by various factors, including U.S…

REALTIES OF THE NEW MIDDLE EAST 21 otherwise unwelcome consequences..... And another message should be equally clear: leaders who abandon the pursuit o…

This text discusses the complexities and challenges in the New Middle East, particularly regarding nuclear ambitio…

22 THE NEW MIDDLE EAST few, limited in scope, carried out only when allowed by incumbent regimes, and dropped quickly when governments object…

This text discusses the shift in U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East following the September 11 attacks. Presid…

The weakness of the secular opposition is not entirely of its own making. Arab authoritarian and semi-authoritarian regimes…

In Arab societies, secular opposition has struggled against longstanding authoritarian regimes that repress lib…

retrenchment into a more ideological posture by a movement that has sought, but has so far been denied, a l…

The text discusses the complexities faced in promoting democracy in Arab nations, highlighting the influence of i…

failed to attract a substantial following. Finally, the growing importance of Hizbollah in Lebanon is probably anoth…

This text analyzes the socio-political dynamics affecting Shi’a Muslims in the Middle East, highlighting their status in vario…

Discrimination inevitably breeds discontent and resentment, and those certainly exist among Shi’i minori…

…xt examines the roots of resentment among Shi’i minorities in the Gulf and Lebanon, noting its implications for political activism. Discrimination and resentment have led to instances of violence in pl…

Although Iran is a center around which Shi’i resentment could coalesce, two factors reduce the likelihood that the Tehra…

The complexities of Iran's relationship with Sunni states underscore the ongoing challenges in Middle Eas…

None of this remarkable spate of diplomatic activity has so far removed the underlying tension between Sunni regimes and the government in Tehr…

Despite a series of diplomatic initiatives aimed at alleviating tensions between Sunni governments and the Iranian regime, fears o…