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…leaf manuscript. The oldest manuscript, however, is kept at the Provincial Museum in Luang Prabang (formerly the Royal Palace). It is dated 1520 CE. This manuscript, written in a Lao variant of Dhamma scr…

The Nong Pa Fa Cave manuscripts are ancient, with one dating back to 2112 BE (1569 CE). The oldest, from 1520 CE, resides in Luang Prabang. These writings in a Lao variant of Dhamma script include a c

…d agrees with explanations given by traditional Pāli commentators, Buddhaghosha and Dhammapala. The former explains the term as ‘(he) who has dhamma as body,’ and interprets its first component either as …

The term dhammakāya is interpreted in contemporary academia as both a noun and an adjective. As a noun, it denotes the Buddha’s teachings, while as an adjective, it refers to the nature of the Tathāga

…y.47 Therefore, from the above two parallel passages, the comparable context may be arranged in two forms, according to two different translations of the term ‘brahma-’ as follows. --- 46 Gombrich, op. …

The text delves into how Gombrich compares the descriptions of Brahmins and Monks, emphasizing the dual interpretations of the term 'brahma-' as both the masculine creator and the neuter ultimate real

…er another. 48 Note that 'Brahmā' in Brahmanical sense is different from the 'Brahmā' as beings in form (rūpāvācara) or formless (arūpāvācara) realms in Buddhist philosophy. 49 As shown in the above para…

This passage delves into the nuanced relationships between the Tathāgata and Brahmā, highlighting the semantic layers present in verbal teachings. It contrasts the Tathāgata's mouth with Brahmā's, ind

…slation of the term as a substantive,87 it may be interesting to try also the other two grammatical forms that give the translation of the compound as a noun. 86 Ps.I.96. 87 Even though ‘dhammakāya’ here…

…he context of Buddhist philosophy. It argues that the path should be seen as an essential totality, forming a 'body,' rather than a mere collection of its constituents. The interpretation of 'dhammakāya' …

… could mean either the ‘rhinoceros’s horn’ or the animal ‘rhinoceros’ itself, this work chooses the former definition for it better symbolises the Paccekabuddhas’ solitude. 93 The first superior field o…

The text discusses the distinct nature of Paccekabuddhas, who can guide individuals toward enlightenment but do not teach the masses like Buddhas. Their teachings emphasize solitude and are succinct,

…translated in two different ways: ‘having many dhammas as body’ or ‘having many dhamma-bodies.’ The former conveys the meaning that a Paccekabuddha has many dhammas as his body, whereas ‘many dhammas’ ref…

…many dhammas as body or multiple dhamma-bodies, indicating the depth of their enlightened nature. Information in the canon lacks clarity, but both interpretations of the compound are valid.

…ated as an adjective, ‘dhammakāya’ in this passage is used strictly as a noun. It affirms that both forms of translation should be accepted according to the context of the passage where the term is locate…

The term 'dhammakāya' signifies enlightenment and is not exclusive to the Buddha but can also be attained by his disciples, as indicated by Gotami's reference to 'my dhammakāya.' This term is interpre

…kāya, the canon talks about the different states of trainees (sekha) and non-trainees (asekha). The former refers to states in which a further course is yet to be accomplished, while the latter requires n…

The text elaborates on the different levels of dhammakāya, categorizing trainees and non-trainees based on their qualities and practices. Trainees are seen as individuals who still have further course

…ive. This allows the term dhammakāya to function either as the subject or object of dipenta. In the former case, the term dhammakāya functions as an adjective, qualifying the Padumuttara Buddha, as in the…

This text explores the interpretation of key Buddhist terms such as 'kevala', which denotes 'only' or 'entirely', particularly in contexts associated with illumination. The term 'dhammakāya', often li

…thod to realization. But the statement that monks ‘live endowed with the path’ seems to suggest the former interpretation. Hence, the interpretation of this Aḍāna passage, while being ambiguous, seems to …

…makāya, providing insight into its multifaceted implications within Buddhist philosophy. For more information, visit dmc.tv.

…e world, is a country where multiple religious beliefs co-exist. China has its indigenous religious forms (Confucianism, Taoism and folk beliefs), and also the world’s three major religions (Buddhism, Chr…

This article delves into the rich tapestry of Buddhist culture in China, specifically focusing on the Theravāda Buddhism of the Dai people in Sipsong Panna, Yunnan Province. Buddhism's introduction to

…is a study of the Theravāda Buddhist manuscripts of the Sipsong Panna region in terms of manuscript form, format of writing, the characters, the maker, geographical source and content, etc. Buddhist manus…

The Agama Sutras found in the Xishuangbanna region are notable for their incompleteness. The Hinayana Agama is expected to contain various texts that are partly missing. According to The Complete Coll

… Buddhist classics cannot be discovered in palm-leaf manuscripts, but they can be found in sa-paper form. Take Volume 19 Buddha’s Edification (reproduced in The Complete Collection of Chinese Palm-Leaf Sc…

…ng, sa-paper provides a means to preserve important texts alongside traditional methods. While both forms are worshipped in temples, sa-paper remains more accessible for everyday use, containing pivotal w…

There are three forms of sa-paper manuscripts in the Sipsong Panna region. The first is the most common "ordinary wide-b…

In the Sipsong Panna region, there are three main forms of sa-paper manuscripts. The first, the ordinary wide-breadth manuscript, measures about 18cm x 25…

…ors commission the recopying of Buddhist manuscripts as an act of merit (dana) while the scribes perform the act of calligraphy as a form of self-cultivation. Seen from a geographical perspective, the Th…

…na, with the only palm-leaf manuscript there being brought by a young monk from Myanmar. For more information on the manuscript traditions of Dehong, visit dmc.tv.

…n China, An Shigao was well-respected as a meditation master. There has been little interest in the form of meditation that he taught and practiced during his lifetime. One reason for this is that his tra…

An Shigao (147-168 CE) significantly influenced the early transmission of Buddhism in China. Despite a focus on his ethnicity and translation style, he is recognized as a respected meditation master.

…l&useid=2145_55,0094c23&key=%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%96%E9%AB%98%E5%82%B3&ktn=&mode2=2. 10 J. Miyajima, “The Formation and Development of Chinese Buddhist Literature,” Institute for Cultural Interaction Studies, K…

This paper examines An Shigao's role in introducing the Indian mindfulness breathing meditation technique, ānāpānasmṛti, into Eastern Han China. The phrase「息中具有四大。 而心在中」suggests that the mind should f

Dao An 道安 (314-385 AD) states An Shigao's translation works which are concerned with meditation include Anban shouyi jing 安般守意經, Da Daodi jing 大道地經 "Yogācārabhumi Sūtra", Da shi er men jing 大十二門經, Xia

…sho Tripiṭaka. The works of An Shigao cover both Hinayāna and Mahāyāna, with a notable focus on the former, specifically containing seven significant meditation-related texts. Further analysis reveals the…

What kind of meditation did An Shigao introduce into Eastern Han China? An Shigao and other Central Asian translators were welcomed into Eastern Han China (25-220 CE), by the cultured elites who were

…ayed a key role in introducing meditation practices to Eastern Han China (25-220 CE). The prevalent form during this period was breathing meditation, particularly the 'counting in breath' method. An Shiga…