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…Vientiane, Laos), I went to Thakhek, capital of the Khammouan province, on May 8, 2005. Accompanied by an officer of the Bureau of Culture and a Lao scholar, I went into the cave. The purpose was to de…

In May 2005, Anatole-Roger Peltier was invited by the Ministry of Information and Culture in Laos to explore the Nong Pa Fa Cave in Khammouan Provin…

In front of Nong Pa Fa Cave Some of the Buddha images in the cave The wooden box containing the palm-leaf manuscripts Most of the manuscripts…

The palm-leaf manuscripts that I have just presented belong to the Tipiṭaka. These texts, or parts of texts, are in Pāli, the lingua franca of the Indochi…

The palm-leaf manuscripts presented belong to the Tipiṭaka, primarily in Pāli, the lingua franca of the Indochinese Peninsula. While the …

… Lanna from northern Thailand. These two scripts are very similar, especially on manuscripts dating back several centuries, as shown in the following table. In fact, people do not make much difference …

…forms of writing: Dham Lao from Laos and Dham Lanna from northern Thailand. While these scripts exhibit notable similarities, especially in manuscripts from several centuries ago, they are often collec…

According to research done by many linguists, it seems that the Dham Lao is influenced by the Dham Lanna script, and the latter …

Research indicates that Dham Lao is influenced by Dham Lanna, which derives from Mon writing. The historical chronicles reveal that King Tilokaraja …

…ng is clearly that of Dham Lanna, one wonders if some parts of the manuscripts come from Muang Nandaburi, a former name of Nan province, in northern Thailand. Two hypotheses can be considered, as show…

…e Nong Pa Fa Cave manuscripts, highlighting their writing style as Dham Lanna. It raises questions about their origins, specifically whether part of these manuscripts originate from Muang Nandaburi, no…

…ntrasrisalai I. Why ‘Dhamma-kāya’ in the ‘Pali Canon’? The term dhamma-kāya/dharmakāya appears in Buddhist literature of different schools. Previous scholars have done excellent work on interesting a…

…erm dhamma-kāya as presented in the Pali Canon, aiming to provide a comprehensive analysis that has been overlooked in previous studies. While many references have been made, significant aspects remain…

…r only to the Aggañña-sutta passage, 4 missing out the three Apadāna references. 5 The reason could be either that the scholars concerned have taken the aforementioned text as representing ‘early Buddh…

… context not previously presented. It critiques the tendency to categorize texts strictly as ‘early Buddhism’ or sectarian ‘Theravāda thoughts.’ Instead, it offers a middle-ground perspective reflectin…

II. The Different Approach A fairly established academic understanding has settled regarding the term dhammakāya in the Pali canon, that it w…

The term 'dhammakāya' in the Pali canon is understood as representing the Buddha's teachings. It is established through several canonical passages that equate the Buddha with …

Of the three canonical passages mentioned above, only the first, namely the Aggañña-sutta passage, contains the term dhammakāya, while the other…

This study reexamines the term dhammakāya in specific Pali canonical passages, notably the Aggañña-sutta, contrasting it with previous scholarly interpretations that often exclusively …

… once in the Aggiāṇā-sutta of the Dīgha-nikāya and three more times in Apadāna literature. They can be listed as follows: 1. Aggiāṇā-sutta: Dhammakāya as the Tathāgata’s Designation (D.III.84) 2. Pacca…

…ure. It serves various roles including a designation for the Tathāgata and associations with Paccekabuddhas and Noble Disciples. Past scholarly references predominantly cite only the first occurrence, …

…tta, wherein the term is said to designate the Tathāgata.17 The narrative setting is a conversation between the Buddha and two novices, namely Väsetṭha and Bhāradvāja, who went forth from Brahmin famil…

…asizing its importance in defining an heir of dhamma and the Tathāgata’s true son. The conversation between the Buddha and novices Väsetṭha and Bhāradvāja provides insights into the understanding of dh…

D.III.84 Vāsettha and Bhāradvāja, he whose confidence in the Tathāgata is settled, rooted, established, solid, irremovable …

In this passage, Vāsettha and Bhāradvāja discuss the unwavering confidence in the Tathāgata, stating that those deeply rooted in dh…

Gombrich, while differently translating the term in this passage as a bahubbiha compound 'dhamma-bodied,…

…ious scholars' interpretations of the term 'dhammakāya' within the context of early Pāli suttas. Gombrich views it as 'dhamma-bodied,' emphasizing that the essence of the Buddha lies in his teachings r…

In brief, contemporary academics refer to the term dhammakāya in the Aṅgāṇā-sutta either as a noun or an…

The term dhammakāya is interpreted in contemporary academia as both a noun and an adjective. As a noun, it denotes the Buddha’s teachings, while as an adjective, it…

Points to Consider It may be observed that the difference in previous scholarly interpretations of the term dhammakāya in this …

…retations of the term 'dhammakāya', emphasizing the need for a nuanced understanding of 'dhamma' as both a realized reality and a verbal expression. It identifies three interconnected issues for furthe…

mentioned in the canon.40 The title ‘son of the Blessed one’ suggests that, through the Buddha, the person was (re)born to the same plane (bhūmi) to …

This text delves into the characteristics of a Stream-attainer, identified as a noble disciple who is reborn to a transcendental plane through the Buddha's teachings. Key qualities in…

This corresponds to the set of four activities41 belonging to a Stream-attainer (sotāpattiyānga) which brings about other sets of qualities. The title…

…piritual attainment through dhamma, emphasizing four key activities that lead to the emergence of noble qualities. It highlights how listening to the Buddha's teachings can purify the mind and facilita…

**43** This is, perhaps, as Eliade observes, ‘for the Buddha, one can be ‘saved’ only by attaining nirvāṇa - that is, by going beyond the…

Eliade suggests that for the Buddha, salvation comes through attaining nirvāṇa, transcending the mundane aspects of human life and…

Implications of Parallel Descriptions of Monks and Brahmins As Gombrich points out, the passage in question is comparable to the Brahmins’ claim:46 bra…

The text delves into how Gombrich compares the descriptions of Brahmins and Monks, emphasizing the dual interpretations of the te…