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… them separately at the outset. U.S. policy makers also confront a set of region-wide problems. The first is the challenge of nuclear proliferation, which is most acute in relation to Iran but goes beyond …

The U.S. faces significant challenges in the Middle East with three clusters of countries: Iran-Iraq, Lebanon-Syria, and the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. The ongoing tensions with Iran, alongside U.S

…. Whatever their causes, these are the realities U.S. policy must address in the future. IRAQ. The first reality of Iraq is that it is currently a failed state. The U.S. invasion unleashed a power struggl…

Iraq's current situation as a failed state is deeply intertwined with Iran's influence. The U.S. invasion has led to a power struggle, making it impossible for Iraq to function effectively. Political

…t correspond to the vision are the Kurds. From the beginning of the war, indeed from the end of the first Gulf War, the Kurds have aimed to develop their own autonomous region. Popular sentiment in Kurdist…

Post-2007, the United States achieved a reduction in violence in Iraq, yet significant political progress remains elusive. Iraqi political factions hold varying visions for the nation's future, with t

…in constant flux ever since the occupation. Washington improvised on the political level during the first year of occupation and then finally devised a democratic transition process that put Iraq through a…

This text examines the intricate dynamics of Sunni political groups in Iraq amid changing power structures. Local organizations show a preference for decentralized systems, often in conflict with each

…Shi'a who had tried to rebel, with U.S. encouragement but finally without actual support, after the first Gulf War. While secular opponents of the Iraqi regime fled to the West, Shi'i clerics flocked to th…

This text discusses the significant changes in the balance of power in the Middle East following the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq and the subsequent rise of Iranian influence in the region. The removal o

…stration, Washington decided to draw the line instead at Syria's presence in Lebanon. Syrian troops first moved into that country in 1976—Israel and the United States accepted Syria's presence in return fo…

The text explores the evolving relationship between Syria and the United States, highlighting key moments such as the leadership transition from Hafez al-Assad to Bashar al-Assad, the impact of the Ir

…er its demise; and a president avowedly committed to democracy has opposed from the very outset the first honestly elected government Palestine ever had, because the winner of the election, Hamas, is consi…

The text discusses the complications surrounding the Palestinian legislative elections and the subsequent U.S. effort to undermine the democratic outcome, particularly emphasizing the Bush administrat

…s down the road. Negotiations have been at an impasse since 2005. Many factors led to this impasse. First, Tehran managed to conceal the scope of its nuclear activities until August 2002, when the Mojahedi…

This text discusses the complex dynamics of nuclear proliferation in the Middle East, particularly focusing on Israel's alleged nuclear capabilities and Iran's nuclear program. It highlights the risks

…cult for them to turn back. In Morocco, Algeria, Kuwait, and Bahrain there are “participation-comes-first” Islamist parties that are well integrated into the political system. These parties look at the nat…

In Arab societies, secular opposition has struggled against longstanding authoritarian regimes that repress liberal ideologies, while conservative social attitudes limit their political expression. A

…for many years as part of a new Middle East landscape that has changed, but not for the better. The first principle to guide a new policy should be recognition of the limits to U.S. power in the region—som…

The Bush administration's policies have complicated the realities in the Middle East. A new approach is needed, prioritizing diplomacy and a clear understanding of U.S. limits in the region. Confronta

…would have to include all political players, including less palatable armed ones. This would be the first step. The second step would be to put the country’s feckless parliament and government on notice t…

This text discusses the necessity for strategic dialogue between the U.S. and Iran, emphasizing the importance of Iran's willingness to modify its policies. It asserts that the U.S. should provide Ira

…hing, should be allowed to die quietly and new policies only relauched when two conditions are met. First, the concept of democracy promotion

This text discusses the need for a nuanced U.S. policy toward Syria, recognizing its limited ambitions while encouraging a shift away from its spoiler role in Lebanon and alignment with Iran. It furth

Because of the length of the text, I will only provide the extracted characters from the first part of the image here: เพราะหยุดเท่านั้นจึงเป็นตัวสำเร็จ ที่ทำให้เข้าถึงพระธรรมกายในตัวได้อย่างอื…

บทความนี้เน้นการหยุดเป็นวิธีที่สำคัญในการเข้าถึงพระธรรมกายในตัว ผ่านการปฏิบัติธรรมติดต่อกัน 84 วัน ก่อนที่จะออกพรรษา เพียงแค่หยุดอย่างเดียวโดยไม่ทำสิ่งที่นอกเหนือจากนี้ก็สามารถทำให้เราเข้าถึงพระธรรมกา

ฮา...กรี๊ม By : พี่อุ่น [First panel] พูด: ดีใจ จริงๆ เสียใจจากใจจร [Second panel] พูด: หลายคนมอง ขนมอันเก่า ใครากยาวในมือในใจ […

ในเรื่องนี้มีการสื่อสารถึงความรู้สึกและการไม่พอใจในตัวเองจากตัวละครที่มีความหลากหลาย ทั้งจากการพูดคุยเกี่ยวกับความภูมิใจในสิ่งที่มีแม้ว่าจะไม่ถูกเลือกให้เป็นดาวในวงการ แต่ยังคงมีความเชื่อมั่นในตัวเอง

…Buddhist Manuscript Project is Dr. Chanida Jantrasiralai; she is also a contributing author to this first volume of the Journal. XII

This collection of articles marks the launch of the JDIRI, showcasing perspectives on Early Buddhism and meditation studies. The journal aims to publish research on ancient manuscripts and esoteric pr

…. The last article by Phra Kittipanyo discusses An Shigao who taught meditation in China during the first century CE. It reveals how this influential figure in early Chinese Buddhism employed Daoist concep…

This content discusses the significance of ancient Thai palm-leaf manuscripts, especially those of the bŏran kammaṭṭhān type, which correlate body parts with Buddha's attributes and suggest daily rec

…ailand. Two hypotheses can be considered, as shown in the following table and on the map in - The first is that the manuscripts with Lanna script were sent from Chiang Mai to Luang Prabang, then to Vient…

This text examines the Nong Pa Fa Cave manuscripts, highlighting their writing style as Dham Lanna. It raises questions about their origins, specifically whether part of these manuscripts originate fr

…udies refer to a few canonical passages where the Buddha appears to equate himself with dhamma. The first passage frequently mentioned is located in the Aggāṇa-sutta where the term dhammakāya, along with t…

The term 'dhammakāya' in the Pali canon is understood as representing the Buddha's teachings. It is established through several canonical passages that equate the Buddha with dhamma. Notable reference

Of the three canonical passages mentioned above, only the first, namely the Aggañña-sutta passage, contains the term dhammakāya, while the other two do not. The re…

This study reexamines the term dhammakāya in specific Pali canonical passages, notably the Aggañña-sutta, contrasting it with previous scholarly interpretations that often exclusively link the term to

IV. Reference 1: Dhammakāya as the Tathāgata’s Designation The first Pali reference to the term dhammakāya that is well known to all previous works is a passage in the …

This text discusses the term 'dhammakāya' as referenced in the Aggañña-sutta, emphasizing its importance in defining an heir of dhamma and the Tathāgata’s true son. The conversation between the Buddha