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…ame the Cedar Revolution, marked, in effect, the rise of an anti-Syrian coalition encouraged by the United States and France. Inevitably, Syria responded by rallying its remaining allies in the country,…

… and led to a paralysis in the Lebanese government. The piece concludes with the assertion that the United States' approach has not resolved the underlying divisions or conferred long-term stability in …

… of the processes it encouraged—supporting long-delayed parliamentary elections, but then trying to undermine the outcome. And undermining Palestinian institutions could hardly be reconciled with expect…

…administration exhibited a lack of interest in the peace process and instead directed policies that undermined Israeli-Palestinian negotiations, proposing a sequence of reform before peace that proved i…

…become nearly impossible. Pushed by so-called moderate Arab governments that made it clear that the United States was more likely to get their support on Iraq if it relanced the peace process, the admin…

…ian conflict, particularly during the Bush administration's attempt to revitalize the peace process under challenging circumstances. It critiques the assumption held by the administration that a two-sta…

…ious facility in Syria. But the issue of Israel’s nuclear weapons is perennially off the table. The United States, along with most other countries in the world, has been concerned about the development …

This text discusses the complex dynamics of nuclear proliferation in the Middle East, particularly focusing on Israel's alleged nuclear capabilities and Iran's nuclear program. It highlights the risks

…ns on entities that supply goods or services for Iran’s conventional weapons programs and provided funding to organizations seeking to promote democracy—that is, opposed the regime—in that country. Fina…

The text discusses Iran's unwavering commitment to its nuclear program, spurred by various factors, including U.S. sanctions, th…

REALTIES OF THE NEW MIDDLE EAST 21 otherwise unwelcome consequences..... And another message should be equally clear: leaders who abandon the pursu…

…e complexities and challenges in the New Middle East, particularly regarding nuclear ambitions of countries like Saudi Arabia and Egypt, and the decline of the U.S. freedom agenda since it faced critici…

…commodating the lack of freedom in the Middle East did nothing to make us safe—because in the long run, stability cannot be purchased at the expense of liberty,” he proclaimed in a speech at the Nationa…

…s the challenges of reconciling democracy promotion with national security needs, especially amidst unstable political landscapes. For more insights, visit dmc.tv.

… a more detailed explanation of the American approach to democratic reform in a speech in Cairo in June 2005. In January 2006, the United States went further: it canceled a meeting planned to launch neg…

In a speech in Cairo in June 2005, Rice underscored U.S. democratic reform measures. The U.S. reacted to Egypt's governance by …

…sts. Almost by default, Islamist parties have emerged as the core of the opposition in most Arab countries. Paradoxically, the possibility of democratic reform now depends to a great extent on Islamist…

In Arab societies, secular opposition has struggled against longstanding authoritarian regimes that repress liberal ideologies, while conservative social attitudes limit their political expression. A

…the freedom agenda brought into the open the extent to which the political situation in most Arab countries makes quick transitions to democracy in the region impossible. Even if the United States manag…

The text discusses the complexities faced in promoting democracy in Arab nations, highlighting the influence of incumbent regimes resistant to political reform. It notes that, despite potential allies

…se figures are a matter of dispute, but it is clear that in the vast majority of Arab and Islamic countries the percentage of Shi’a in the population is quite small. This suggests that focusing on a “Sh…

…litical dynamics affecting Shi’a Muslims in the Middle East, highlighting their status in various countries, including Iran, Iraq, and Bahrain. While Hizbollah has established a notable position in Leba…

…mple. More recently Shi’a in Saudi Arabia have taken advantage of the few available political opportunities—many ran in the 2005 municipal elections in the eastern provinces—but most activities are cove…

…imed primarily at combating socioeconomic discrimination. Despite associations with Iran, Shi’i communities generally express loyalty to the nation-states they reside in, as evidenced by statements from…

Although Iran is a center around which Shi’i resentment could coalesce, two factors reduce the likelihood that the Tehran regime wi…

The complexities of Iran's relationship with Sunni states underscore the ongoing challenges in Middle Eastern diplomacy. Iran seeks to be a leader i…

None of this remarkable spate of diplomatic activity has so far removed the underlying tension between Sunni regimes and the government in Tehran. Fear of a nuclear Iran in the r…

Despite a series of diplomatic initiatives aimed at alleviating tensions between Sunni governments and the Iranian regime, fears of a nuclear Iran persist in the region. Both parties s…

…major factor in the emergence of the new and extremely problematic realities we have discussed. The United States needs a new approach to this part of the world, based less on confrontation and more on …

…ated the realities in the Middle East. A new approach is needed, prioritizing diplomacy and a clear understanding of U.S. limits in the region. Confrontational tactics have undermined credibility and ob…

policy in Iraq and of the Palestinian–Israeli peace process. The United States needs to recognize that terrorism is not the result of blind hatred of Western civilizat…

This text argues that U.S. policies in the Middle East must shift to address underlying political issues to effectively curb terrorism and ensure oil flow. It outlines critical ta…

…y, it may be possible to wrest Hamas from pursuit of the most extreme elements of its agenda. It is unrealistic to expect a total repudiation by Hamas of its vision of an Islamic state, but it is possib…

…its actions against Israel. It stresses the importance of regional pressures and U.S. support for a unified Palestinian government to achieve peace. The document also highlights the need for the U.S. to…

…S. military presence with its financial costs and negative political perceptions in the region. The United States has not been part of these initiatives and does not trust them, fearing that they are si…

… to Iranian influence and the evolving role of the U.S. Historically reliant on American support, countries like Saudi Arabia are seeking to diversify their alliances, evidenced by engagements with Russ…

A new policy toward Syria also needs to recognize the country for what it is: a small country without massive ambitions or ideological crusades, trying to mai…

… transformation without inciting regime change backlash. It stresses the importance of patience and understanding of individual country contexts in pursuing democracy agendas. Lastly, it argues for the …

…ns, “We started negotiating before the beginning of the war, and it is not because we are afraid or under the American pressure or blackmail.” 4. See Gordon Corera’s Shopping for Bombs (New York: Oxford…

…e East, with a specific focus on Iran's nuclear program, negotiations involving al-Qaddafi, and the United Nations Development Programs' assessments of human development deficits in the Arab world. The …