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Notes 1. See International Crisis Group report, Dealing With Iran’s Nuclear Program, November 2004. 2. See http://usinfo.state.gov/xarchives/display.html?p=texttrans-english&y=2007&m=April&x=20070418190175xjsnomiso0.4429132. 3. According to one of al-Qaddafi’s sons, “We started negotiating before the beginning of the war, and it is not because we are afraid or under the American pressure or blackmail.” 4. See Gordon Corera’s Shopping for Bombs (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006) Chapter 7. 5. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/12/20031219-9.html. 6. The United Nations Development Programs published four reports on Arab human development between 2002 and 2006. The first report, Arab Human Development 2002 (New York: UNDP 2002), denounced three deficits of human development in the Arab world: knowledge, democracy, and women’s rights. Each succeeding report examined one of the three areas. Written by Arab intellectuals, the four studies stirred a great deal of controversy in the region. 7. The term “Shi’i Crescent” was first coined in the 1980s by militant Shi’i groups in Iraq.