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…iler role in Lebanon and encourage it to put some distance between itself and Iran. **The Issue of Democracy** We have not listed democracy among core U.S. interests in the Middle East because of the deep c…

… its spoiler role in Lebanon and alignment with Iran. It further critiques the American approach to democracy promotion in the Middle East, highlighting the contradiction between immediate security interests a…

…ot be purchased at the expense of liberty,” he proclaimed in a speech at the National Endowment for Democracy in 2003. And he began his second term by simply declaring the long-perceived tension between securi…

…h the realities of electoral outcomes in the region. The U.S. faced a dilemma as efforts to promote democracy often resulted in the rise of Islamist groups, leading to a reassessment of relationships with more…

38 THE NEW MIDDLE EAST must be clearly defined; in the Middle East, the concept of democracy promotion has fluctuated from aggressive rhetoric of regime overthrow at one extreme to small, litt…

The text discusses the fluctuating concept of democracy promotion in the Middle East, highlighting the confusion between promoting democracy and regime ove…

… open the extent to which the political situation in most Arab countries makes quick transitions to democracy in the region impossible. Even if the United States managed to reconcile its long- and short-term g…

The text discusses the complexities faced in promoting democracy in Arab nations, highlighting the influence of incumbent regimes resistant to political reform. It …

…merged in the Middle East recently is the failure of the signature effort of Bush’s regional policy—democracy promotion, or the “freedom agenda”—and the unanticipated consequences of the early insistance on re…

…. freedom agenda since it faced criticism over its effectiveness. Key points include the failure of democracy promotion and the U.S. focus on stability and security, leading to questions about the region's fut…

… on their regional and international actions. One indicator of the success of Arab pressure against democracy promotion has been the remarkable decrease since 2006 of critical statements by the Bush administra…

…trife to push for a pre-9/11 policy approach, resulting in a decrease of U.S. criticism on domestic democracy issues. Moreover, attempts to encourage bottom-up democracy faced challenges, as Islamist parties o…

…istration’s preferred sequence—reform now, peace later—impracticable. It was impossible to create a democracy in a state that did not exist and in an environment in which an elected parliament could not muster…

…ns, proposing a sequence of reform before peace that proved impractical. The inability to cultivate democracy in a non-existent state and the undermining of Palestinian institutions hindered the prospects for …

…posed is whether they only accept the democratic process as a means of gaining power, in which case democracy would not survive, or whether, once in power, they would continue to uphold democratic values and r…

…arties now dominate the political opposition landscape, raising questions about their commitment to democracy. While some radical Islamist outfits reject democratic processes altogether, major parties have emb…

… Future of Humanity and of the World The core values on which Western industrial power is based are democracy, social welfare and economic growth. Democracy demands social welfare, for which economic growth is…

Buddhism in Cambodia faced severe decline during the Pol Pot regime when monks were forced to abandon their vows and temples were destroyed. After the 1980s, efforts to restore Buddhism began, as the

…raq and a Way Out for the United States 33 Israel and Palestine 34 Balance of Power 35 The Issue of Democracy 37 Notes 39 About the Authors 40 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 41

…conflict. It addresses crucial issues such as nuclear proliferation and the challenges of promoting democracy in these areas. The discussions highlight the importance of understanding sectarian conflicts and t…

…and containing existing crises, intending instead to leapfrog over them by creating a new region of democracy and peace in which old disputes would become irrelevant. The idea was summarized in a statement by …

…mber 11, 2001, highlighting the ambitious policies of the Bush administration aimed at establishing democracy and peace through intervention in Iraq. President Bush articulated a vision of a new democratic Mid…

…mist rather than liberal organizations, one of several reasons the United States has retreated from democracy promotion. Far from having leapfrogged over old problems, the United States is now confronting most…

… The mixed results of these approaches highlight the ongoing challenges the U.S. faces in promoting democracy and stability in the region, amidst persistent old and new issues.

…region and removing the clerical leadership in Tehran. They believed that Iraq’s burgeoning secular democracy would inspire Iranians to rise up against their theocratic regime, as Secretary of Defense Donald R…

…cluding the United States. The piece details how the U.S. invasion, intended to establish a secular democracy, instead empowered hard-liners in Iran and led to a repressive domestic climate. Iran, now more inf…

…as a result of Washington’s opposition to Iranian nuclear ambitions and U.S. financial support for “democracy promotion” efforts, and the extraordinarily aggressive style of President Ahmadinejad. In the past,…

This text explores the multifaceted relationship between the United States and Iran, emphasizing the challenges faced by U.S. military policy amidst high oil prices and ongoing conflicts. It discusses

…on. The Syria–Lebanon cluster, in this view, is at the center of two broader struggles, one between democracy and tyranny and the other between the United States and Iran. Some parts of this representation con…

… sectarian and political interests within Lebanon. The situation is not merely a binary struggle of democracy versus tyranny, but a multifaceted interplay of regional alliances and national interests. For more…

… (New York: UNDP 2002), denounced three deficits of human development in the Arab world: knowledge, democracy, and women’s rights. Each succeeding report examined one of the three areas. Written by Arab intell…

…rrent geopolitical discussions. Notably, the UNDP reports have sparked significant debate regarding democracy, knowledge, and women's rights in the Arab region. More information can be found at dmc.tv.

About the Authors MARINA OTTAWAY is a senior associate in the Democracy and Rule of Law Program and director of the Carnegie Middle East Program. Her most recent book, Bey…

… with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Marina Ottaway, a senior associate, leads the Democracy and Rule of Law Program, and her expertise is showcased in her recent publication on political refo…

…ทยมาจากคำว่า ประชา หมายถึง ประชาชน กับคำว่า อธิปไตย หมายถึง อำนาจสูงสุด คำว่าประชาธิปไตยตรงกับคำว่า Democracy ในภาษาอังกฤษ ซึ่งมีความหมายว่า การปกครองที่อำนาจสูงสุดในการปกครองเป็นของประชาชน หลักการของระบอบประช…

การปกครองสามารถจำแนกได้เป็นหลายประเภท ได้แก่ ราชาธิปไตยที่ถือว่ากษัตริย์เป็นผู้ปกครองเพียงคนเดียว, อภิชนาธิปไตยซึ่งเป็นการปกครองโดยกลุ่มคนจำนวนน้อย, และประชาธิปไตยที่ให้สิทธิคนส่วนใหญ่ในการปกครอง ปัจจ

…n wish to do during vacation? Try YUWA CAMP. Meditation and activities will enable them to practice democracy among their friends, young and old and learn how to control themselves by concentrating the crystal…

Yuwa Camp offers children a unique vacation experience combining meditation with engaging activities. Set in the serene environment of Phu Rua, Loei, children learn to concentrate and practice self-co

… complete instability. This has entailed a complex three-pronged strategy: 1) encouraging electoral democracy as a means of producing a majority, i.e., Shi'i rule; 2) promoting a degree of chaos without leadin…

This text discusses the significant changes in the balance of power in the Middle East following the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq and the subsequent rise of Iranian influence in the region. The removal o