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…the Middle East political scene. Today, Iran and Iraq are more intricately linked than they were in 2002,

The new Middle East is defined by three country clusters: Iran–Iraq, Lebanon–Syria, and Palestine–Israel, intertwined with issues such as nuclear proliferation and sectarianism. The U.S. faces not jus

…ailure are obvious: Iraq is unable to contain violence on its own. It was unable to do so until mid-2007, despite the presence of 140,000 U.S. troops. The surge that increased the number of U.S. troops…

Iraq's current situation as a failed state is deeply intertwined with Iran's influence. The U.S. invasion has led to a power struggle, making it impossible for Iraq to function effectively. Political

…markedly shifted rightward, away from reformers and toward hard-liners. A parliamentary election in 2004, marked by heavy government interference, swept away the reformist majority in the parliament an…

This text examines the complex realities of Iraq's political environment following the fall of Saddam Hussein and the subsequent rise of Iran as a powerful regional entity. It highlights the challenge

…s, only to see itself denounced as part of the axis of evil shortly afterward. And in the spring of 2003, around the time Baghdad was captured by U.S. forces in less than three weeks, the Iranian gover…

This text explores the multifaceted relationship between the United States and Iran, emphasizing the challenges faced by U.S. military policy amidst high oil prices and ongoing conflicts. It discusses

…tten deeper. The election law and election alliances that the March 14 coalition adopted to win the 2005 parliamentary elections shattered the illusion that it was committed to political reform and goo…

This content discusses the influence of Syria and Iran on Lebanon's political environment, particularly the roles of the March 8 forces led by Hizbollah, and the March 14 coalition resisting Syrian co

…to relaunch the Israeli-Palestinian peace process, culminating in the Annapolis meeting in November 2007, renewed Syria’s hope of regaining control of the Golan Heights. Syria participated in the meeti…

The text discusses the political realities of Lebanon following Syria's withdrawal and the influence of Hizbollah and other political factions. Despite Syrian troop withdrawal, control issues persist,

…undemocratic technocratic cabinet (led by Salam Fayyad, whose party gained a minuscule share in the 2006 vote); Fatah, a deeply divided and disorganized party, which Palestinians rejected in 2005 as a …

The text discusses the complications surrounding the Palestinian legislative elections and the subsequent U.S. effort to undermine the democratic outcome, particularly emphasizing the Bush administrat

…ote sustained, high-level attention to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, beginning in the summer of 2007 with preparations for what became the Annapolis conference, the administration showed an enthusi…

The text examines the U.S. diplomatic strategies regarding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, particularly during the Bush administration's attempt to revitalize the peace process under challenging cir

tember 2007 Israeli bombing of what Israelis claim was a suspicious facility in Syria. But the issue of Isra…

…rns about Iran, following the exposure of its nuclear activities and the stalled negotiations since 2005, are also detailed. The geopolitical implications of expanding nuclear technologies in the regio…

22 THE NEW MIDDLE EAST few, limited in scope, carried out only when allowed by incumbent regimes, and…

This text discusses the shift in U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East following the September 11 attacks. President Bush's declaration of aligning American values of freedom and security contrasted

…joined the ruling coalition as junior partners; in Palestine, Hamas formed the government after the 2006 elections. A related question, whether Islamist parties that accept democracy as an instrument …

…versus pragmatism while attempting to secure legitimacy in a challenging political environment. The 2007 political program of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood exemplifies this tension in developing a pr…

…ist statements about the rise of Shi’i power were first made by King Abdullah of Jordan in December 2004. Addressing an American audience, he used the term “Shi’i Crescent” to describe an alleged Irani…

The text discusses the complexities faced in promoting democracy in Arab nations, highlighting the influence of incumbent regimes resistant to political reform. It notes that, despite potential allies

…nment, but has also become a regional player by successfully standing up to Israel in the summer of 2006 and thus gaining, for a time, a heroic reputation. The second reality, however, is that Shi’a ar…

This text analyzes the socio-political dynamics affecting Shi’a Muslims in the Middle East, highlighting their status in various countries, including Iran, Iraq, and Bahrain. While Hizbollah has estab

…a in Saudi Arabia have taken advantage of the few available political opportunities—many ran in the 2005 municipal elections in the eastern provinces—but most activities are covert and difficult to eva…

The text examines the roots of resentment among Shi’i minorities in the Gulf and Lebanon, noting its implications for political activism. Discrimination and resentment have led to instances of violenc

…diplomatic efforts. When Hizbollah escalated its confrontation with the Lebanese government in late 2006 after the summer war with Israel, several meetings took place between Iranian and Saudi represen…

The complexities of Iran's relationship with Sunni states underscore the ongoing challenges in Middle Eastern diplomacy. Iran seeks to be a leader in the region, supporting not only Shiite factions bu

…er ways to pursue U.S. interests. A recent example is Bush's warning to Bashar al-Assad in December 2007 that his patience was running out regarding Syria's meddling in the politics of Lebanon. The sta…

The Bush administration's policies have complicated the realities in the Middle East. A new approach is needed, prioritizing diplomacy and a clear understanding of U.S. limits in the region. Confronta

…erms with a revival of a Palestinian national unity government like the one that existed until June 2006. The United States must then support the conclusion of a cease-fire between the new united Pales…

The text discusses the challenges of integrating Hamas while managing its actions against Israel. It stresses the importance of regional pressures and U.S. support for a unified Palestinian government

…ited States, to be pursued quietly and consistently. The American push for Arab democracy between 2003 and 2005 was not misguided in its essence, but it was pursued in such a clumsy and manic manner …

This text discusses the need for a nuanced U.S. policy toward Syria, recognizing its limited ambitions while encouraging a shift away from its spoiler role in Lebanon and alignment with Iran. It furth

…de: Political Reform in the Arab World (edited with Julia Choucair-Vizoso) was published in January 2008. NATHAN J. BROWN is a professor of political science and international affairs and director of …

This section highlights the contributions of key authors associated with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Marina Ottaway, a senior associate, leads the Democracy and Rule of Law Program

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