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…obstacles indeed. The Bush administration has been widely criticized for its disengagement from the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Certainly, coming into office in the wake of the bloody collapse of a decade-old peace pr…

The viability of the two-state solution in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is increasingly in question due to the weakened Palestinian leadership and diminishing tru…

Israel and Palestine U.S. core interests in the region include peace between Israelis and Palestinians, which would have as a corollary peace between Israel and all Arab countries. The only solution

The pursuit of peace in the Israel-Palestine conflict hinges on the two-state solution, which aims to protect Israel's existence and Palestinian rights. Achieving this requires strong Palestinian lead

Palestinian legislative elections to proceed credibly — but then led to an immediate American effort to overturn the result through any possible means. The Bush administration’s short attention span f

The text discusses the complications surrounding the Palestinian legislative elections and the subsequent U.S. effort to undermine the democratic outcome, particularly emphasizing the Bush administrat

But the Bush administration showed little interest in the peace process. Instead, it pursued a set of policies that either downgraded Israeli–Palestinian peacemaking or subordinated it to demands for

…ion exhibited a lack of interest in the peace process and instead directed policies that undermined Israeli-Palestinian negotiations, proposing a sequence of reform before peace that proved impractical. The inability to…

…e departing. When the Bush administration did finally devote sustained, high-level attention to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, beginning in the summer of 2007 with preparations for what became the Annapolis conferenc…

The text examines the U.S. diplomatic strategies regarding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, particularly during the Bush administration's attempt to revitalize the peace process und…

But it is impossible to turn back the clock to more propitious circumstances. The biggest tension—between integrating Hamas and denying the movement its proclaimed goal of destroying Israel—can only b

The text discusses the challenges of integrating Hamas while managing its actions against Israel. It stresses the importance of regional pressures and U.S. support for a unified Palestinian government

A Changed Region After September 11, 2001, the Bush administration launched an ambitious policy to forge a new Middle East, with intervention in Iraq as the driver of the transformation. "The establi

…ing nuclear ambitions, further complicating the security landscape. Additionally, the long-standing Israeli-Palestinian conflict has evolved, marked by significant internal divisions among Palestinians and the implicati…

port they enjoyed, gave names to the rival groupings: the March14 anti-Syrian forces and the March 8 pro-Syrian forces. The March 14 demonstrations, which in the U.S. narrative became the Cedar Revolu

…on or Syria. It also touches on the international consensus surrounding a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, recognizing the complexities involved in achieving lasting peace.

security was completely overshadowed by belligerent White House statements that U.S. policy toward Iran would remain unchanged, raising the specter of war. Although analysts agreed that the NIE’s conc

The U.S. faces significant challenges in the Middle East with three clusters of countries: Iran-Iraq, Lebanon-Syria, and the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. The ongoing tensions with Iran, alongside U.S

policy in Iraq and of the Palestinian–Israeli peace process. The United States needs to recognize that terrorism is not the result of blind hatred of Western civilization, as the Bush administration i

This text argues that U.S. policies in the Middle East must shift to address underlying political issues to effectively curb terrorism and ensure oil flow. It outlines critical tasks for U.S. engageme

Contents Acknowledgments iv A Changed Region 1 The Realities of the New Middle East 4 The Iran–Iraq Cluster 4 The Syria–Lebanon Cluster 10 The Israeli–Palestinian Conflict 14 The Problem of Nuclear P

…pe of the Middle East, analyzing key conflicts in regions such as Iran-Iraq, Syria-Lebanon, and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It addresses crucial issues such as nuclear proliferation and the challenges of promoting…

Although Iran is a center around which Shi’i resentment could coalesce, two factors reduce the likelihood that the Tehran regime will encourage such a development. One is that Iran aspires to be the c

The complexities of Iran's relationship with Sunni states underscore the ongoing challenges in Middle Eastern diplomacy. Iran seeks to be a leader in the region, supporting not only Shiite factions bu

…sal of major allies, such as Saudi Arabia and Egypt, to cooperate on any U.S. initiative unless the Israeli-Palestinian peace process were revived. After rejecting outright the late 2006 recommendation of the independen…

This text discusses the lack of successful democratic revolutions in the Middle East, largely due to U.S. policies that have often led to sectarian division and the empowerment of Islamist groups. It

but set aside its criticism when this was in its interest. It was never in agreement with the United States and sought other allies, but never became so antagonistic as to provoke a strong American re

The text explores the evolving relationship between Syria and the United States, highlighting key moments such as the leadership transition from Hafez al-Assad to Bashar al-Assad, the impact of the Ir

…be coaxed and pressured into adopting more pragmatic policies. Revived U.S. efforts to relaunch the Israeli-Palestinian peace process, culminating in the Annapolis meeting in November 2007, renewed Syria’s hope of regai…

The text discusses the political realities of Lebanon following Syria's withdrawal and the influence of Hizbollah and other political factions. Despite Syrian troop withdrawal, control issues persist,

REALTIES OF THE NEW MIDDLE EAST 21 otherwise unwelcome consequences..... And another message should be equally clear: leaders who abandon the pursuit of chemical, biological and nuclear weapons, and

This text discusses the complexities and challenges in the New Middle East, particularly regarding nuclear ambitions of countries like Saudi Arabia and Egypt, and the decline of the U.S. freedom agend

36 THE NEW MIDDLE EAST restoring a balance of power that is not entirely dependent on a long-term, large U.S. military presence with its financial costs and negative political perceptions in the regi

This text discusses the changing power dynamics in the Middle East, particularly the region's responses to Iranian influence and the evolving role of the U.S. Historically reliant on American support,

About the Authors MARINA OTTAWAY is a senior associate in the Democracy and Rule of Law Program and director of the Carnegie Middle East Program. Her most recent book, Beyond the Façade: Political Re

This section highlights the contributions of key authors associated with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Marina Ottaway, a senior associate, leads the Democracy and Rule of Law Program

to be cooperative on its own terms and for its own interests, but this does not mean that the United States is in a strong position to push Iran to comply with its requests, particularly at present. T

This text explores the multifaceted relationship between the United States and Iran, emphasizing the challenges faced by U.S. military policy amidst high oil prices and ongoing conflicts. It discusses

tember 2007 Israeli bombing of what Israelis claim was a suspicious facility in Syria. But the issue of Israel’s nuclear weapons is perennially off the table. The United States, along with most other

This text discusses the complex dynamics of nuclear proliferation in the Middle East, particularly focusing on Israel's alleged nuclear capabilities and Iran's nuclear program. It highlights the risks