Understanding Right Intention and Right Speech in Buddhist Practice : หน้า 44/263

subtle defilements¹ [anusaya]. 2.1 Right Intention (mundane): At low level Right Inten- tion means having the wholesome intention to be generous, keep the Five Precepts, renounce the world to become a monk, avoid taking advantage of other people or animals. 2.2 Right Intention (transcendental): At high level Right Intention means the intention to dedicate oneself entirely to the attainment of Nirvana. 3. Right Speech: Right Speech means avoiding the four types of False Speech: 1. Telling Lies [musāvāða]; 2. Divisive Speech [pisuṇāvāca]; 3. Harsh Speech [pharusāvāca]; 4. Idle Chatter [samphapphalāpa]. 4. Right Action: Right Action means practising the three wholesome physical deeds [kāyasucarita], namely: 1. Refraining from killing or physically torturing other living beings [pāṇātipāta]; 2. Refraining from stealing or obtaining things in a dishonest way [adinnādāna]; 3. Refraining from sexual relations outside marriage (committing adultery) [kāmesumicchācārā]. Furthermore, one must not consume intoxicants such as alcohol that lead to heedlessness. 5. Right Livelihood: Right Livelihood means earning one’s living in an honest way — and in a way that avoids evils like telling lies or deception. In the Tipiṭaka, in many places², the Buddha exhorts even his monks, to earn their living by