Understanding Types of Suffering in Buddhism : หน้า 73/263

parideva dukkha The Buddha characterized this form of suffering as that which produces tears of anguish whenever we are unable to give up our attachment to something. Again the cause might be the decease of a beloved friend or relative, but, it differs from sorrow in that we are driven to tears. A person for whom lamentation is very serious might become distraught or even have lapses of sanity as the result of their anguish. These are all the characteristics of lamentation which will bring us misery for as long as we still harbour it in our hearts. 7. Pain [dukkha dukkha] The Buddha characterized this sort of suffering as that which makes the mind depressed and dejected. The cause of the suffering might be illness, physical torture, punishment, imprisonment or having hands and feet cut off. Such suffering must be endured alone — as friends and relatives can do nothing to reduce such suffering for us. Some people feel such pain as a result of their poverty — being unable to afford clothes and jewelry to wear like more fortunate people. The mental anguish which comes from the resentment of the unavoidability and seeming unfairness of one's circumstances can also be ascribed to this form of suffering. 8. Resentment (feeling slighted) [domanassa dukkha] The Buddha characterized this form of suffering as that which makes us aggressively sensitive about a particular thing, to bear a grudge or to have a ‘chip on one’s shoulder’