The Middle Way and the Four Noble Truths : หน้า 200/263

3. Right Speech [Sammā Vācā] 4. Right Action [Sammā Kammanta] 5. Right Livelihood [Sammā Ājīva] 6. Right Effort [Sammā Vāyāma] 7. Right Mindfulness [Sammā Sati] 8. Right Concentration [Sammā Samādhi] This is the Middle Way realized by the Tathāgata which bestows the means of seeing and knowing according to reality, which stills the mind to a point where the defilements are extinguished, which gives rise to supreme knowledge, which gives rise to a knowledge of the Noble Truths, which leads to complete extinction. SECTION 3: THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS The aforementioned reference to "sambodhāya" concerning the knowledge of the Four Noble Truths is now expanded upon in more detail: "O! Monks! The Noble Truths which are the reality of the world, which allow those who see and know them to attain the stages of supreme sainthood, comprise four components 3.1 Dukkha Aryasacca: The Noble Truth of Suffering — suffering really exists in the world. Some people, like those who are on the brink of death with an illness they don’t even notice, don’t even realize that suffering is the nature of life, for everybody in the world; 3.2 Samudaya Aryasacca: The Noble Truth of the Origin of Suffering — everyone is ill with a sickness called ‘suffering’, but that suffering has a cause. To us, in the present day, this might not sound very startling — but to people of ancient times, it would have been revolutionary thinking because at that time they thought people became ill as a punishment from the gods, not because of a physical cause;