Understanding Suffering in Buddhism : หน้า 61/263

4. Death [marana dukkhā] 5. Sorrow [soka dukkhā] 6. Lamentation [parideva dukkhā] 7. Pain [dukkha dukkhā] 8. Feeling slighted [domañassa dukkhā] 9. Bemoaning [upāyassa dukkhā] 10. Exposure to hateful things [apiyehi sampayoga dukkhā] 11. Separation from loved ones and treasured things [piyehi vipayoga dukkhā] 12. Disappointment [yam piccham na labhati dukkhā] 13. Clinging to the Five Aggregates [pañcupādānakkhanda dukkhā] 1. Suffering as a result of Birth [jāti dukkhā] The Lord Buddha taught that suffering as a result of birth is ‘built in’ suffering for every living being conceived in the realms of the Cycle of Existence. The arising of beings in the Cycle of Existence is by four possible modes of birth: 1. Hatching from an egg [andaja] e.g birds, lizards and snakes; 2. Birth from the womb [jalābuja] e.g. mammals; 3. Arising in dampness or moisture [saṃsedaja] e.g. prokaryotic organisms e.g. mosquitos and some sorts of worms; 4. Spontaneous arising in adult form [opāṭika] who are as developed as a sixteen-year old complete with adornment from the moment of birth e.g. angels, gods and denizens of hell.