The Noble Truth of the Origin of Suffering : หน้า 202/263

all that way from the top of our head to the tips of our toes, we are full of suffering — he had seen and known it for him- self as a result of having the wherewithal to see and know the nature of reality. 3.2 Samudaya Ariyasacca: The Noble Truth of the Origin of Suffering To people of ancient times, the Buddha's testimony about this second Noble Truth would have been revolutionary thinking because at that time they thought people became ill as a punishment from the gods, or as a result of the conjunction of the stars. The Buddha challenged all their su- perstitions by telling them that craving [taṇhā] and not fate was the reason behind their suffering. 3.2.1 Characteristics of Craving The Buddha taught that craving has three harmful chara- cteristics: 3.2.1.1 Ponobbhavikā: Gives rise to rebirth — those sub- ject to craving will be born again and again without end — death is not the end of the story. You can imagine how grass keeps on sprouting up afresh, even when you cut it back as a good metaphor for someone still affected by craving. 3.2.1.2. Nandirāgasahagata: Is accompanied by pas- sion and delight; 3.2.1.3. Tatratatrabhinandini: If you happen to be re- born somewhere, even though you were born there re- luctantly, you become attached to existence there and don’t want to go anywhere else. 3.2.2 Categories of Craving Craving comes in three forms: 3.2.2.1 Kamatāṇaḥa: Craving for sensual pleasure or sen-