Aspects of Suffering in Birth : หน้า 65/263

and stabbed with razor-sharp knives. This fifth aspect of suffering at birth is known as 'gabbha nikkhamana mūlaka dukkha'. 1.6 The Suffering of Curtailed Life From the moment the baby leaves the womb, the suffering is not finished. The baby must grow up into an adult. Some people have various forms of unpleasant karmic retribution that have followed them from their actions in previous lives. Some are punished as criminals and spend their lives in prison. Some are murdered. Some are obsessed by vengefulness. Some commit suicide by hanging themselves or poisoning themselves. These are all examples of suffering which people experience merely as the consequence of having been born and are called 'attūpakkama mūlaka dukkha' — the sixth aspect of the suffering of birth. 1.7 The Suffering of Wounds in Combat In actual fact, all the suffering people experience in the world starts from the fact that they have been born at all. Birth is the prime mover for their suffering. Taking birth in human form, some people are subjected to suffering as the result of the weapons of others. This seventh aspect of suffering at birth is known as 'parūpakkama mūlaka dukkha'. 1.8 The Suffering of Birth in the Hell Realms Even the suffering of the denizens of hell starts with them being born in hell. The causative relation of birth in the hell realms for consequent suffering is said to be the eighth aspect of suffering caused by birth. 1.9 The Suffering of Birth in the Animal Kingdom Those beings that are born in the animal kingdom are subjected to suffering caused by the cruelty of masters and hunters — being beaten with a whip or a goad, being stoned or