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move those hateful things or escape from their grasp — but when we can’t it only adds to the suffering in our mind. 11. Separation from loved ones and treasured things [piyihi vipayoga dukkhā] If we are someone who wishes for fulfilment by the sense-pleasures and habitually partake of those sense-pleasures, when we are eventually separated from such sources of pleasure, the heartbreak of parting is the characteristic of this sort of suffering. Separation from loved ones (like close relations who pass away) or from treasured things (possessions, home or honours) will bring us misery for as long as we still harbour these attachments in our hearts. 12. Disappointment [yam piccham na labhati dukkhā] The Buddha divided this category of suffering into two parts — material disappointment and abstract disappointment. Supposing in spite of working hard and having all the necessary patience in the face of hardship, a person still doesn’t manage to earn their living successfully — material disappointment is what they feel as the result. If a person hankers after more abstract things like honours, but is unable to procure all that they are looking for, abstract disappointment is what they feel as the result. For as long as we still harbour such disappointment in our hearts, it will continue to bring us misery. 13. Clinging to the Five Aggregates [pañcupādānakkhandha-dukkhā] Our psychophysical constituents or aggregates comprise five categories: corporeality [rūpakhanda], feelings [vedanākhanda], perception [saññākhanda], mental formations [saṅkhāra-khandha] and consciousness [viññāṇakhanda]. The first aggregate is always physical, the remaining four are mind-based. All five can be prey to